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ثانيا : النضج النفسي تاريخيا :

ثانية دعاواهم قولهم : (( إن الإسلام سمح بالزواج عند سن البلوغ في العصر ما قبل الحديث مما سبب للبنت الضرر النفسي لأنه في سن البلوغ تكون البنت صغيرة جدا على أن توافق موافقة مسئولة ))

والحقيقة أنه وحتى القرن الثامن عشر فإن مجرد وصول الطفل إلى سن البلوغ كان يعتبر بالغا بكل ما تحمل الكلمة من معاني النضج والسلوك والمسئولية كما جاء في مجلة ( التاريخ الاجتماعي Journal of Social History ) ، و ( قاموس أصول الكلامOnline Etymology Dictionary ) و ( مجلة العائلة والزواج Journal of Marriage and the Family ) والعديد من المراجع الأكاديمية [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] .

لقد واجه الأطفال يوميا تحديات الصراع على البقاء جسديا واقتصاديا [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] ، وبينما سبّب هذا النوع من ( الضغط والإجهاد البيئي ) بلوغ مرحلة البلوغ لديهم في سن مبكرة [69] [70] [71] ، فإنه أيضا قد عجّل من النضج النفسي لديهم [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] ، وقد ساعد هذا النضج في تحملهم مسئولية الزواج المبكر والحمل أيضا .

وفي الحقيقة إن هذه المسئوليات كان يثمنها ويقدرها المجتمع ، بما في ذلك أعظم الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحدة الأميريكية [77] : ( بنيامين فرانكلين ) [78]

ولم يبدأ النضج النفسي في التأخر إلا من منتصف القرن الثامن عشر الصناعي [79] وهذا بسبب الأعراض الجانبية التي سببت تأخر النضج مثل : زيادة وسائل الراحة في الحياة ، وانعدام التأثير والتوجيه الأبوي [80] [81] [82] ، و " بقاء الأطفال أطفالا لمدة أطول لتكميل تعليمهم "[83] [84] [85] [86] .

لذا ، فإن من الحمق أن نطالب بأنه " كان ينبغي تأخير سن الزواج في العصر قبل الحديث تجنبا للضرر النفسي " لأن ذلك كان من شأنه أن يذهب بالجنس البشري إلى حد الانقراض لأسباب لا تظهر إلا لغير الناضجين من المراهقين اليوم .

وبما أن الرشد والنضج النفسي كانا يتحققان لدى سن البلوغ ، فإن من الحمق أيضا والسذاجة الافتراء على الزواج المبكر في التاريخ ووصفه بأنه : اعتداء على الأطفال [87] أو استغلالهم جنسيا [88] [89] [90] .

فالنتيجة إذا أن الزواج والإنجاب المبكر كانت ملاءمة نفسية كما كانت قيمة ومنفعة مجتمعية .

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[58] "Saga Background: Women", Theban Tribunal Sourcebook
“For most girls in Byzantium, childhood came to an abrupt end with the onset of puberty, which was usually soon followed by betrothal and marriage. Early marriage and procreation of children was the norm in Byzantium...”

[59] William Faulkner, a twentieth- century American novelist once wrote, “The past is not dead, Sep 2004
"In the 17th century...children rapidly evolved into adulthood. In the words of the historian John Demos, 'the seventeenth century had no real word for the period of life between puberty and full manhood.' In fact, as noted in 'Colonial America', well bred children were supposed to both behave and look like small adults."

[60] "Apprentices as Adolescents in Sixteenth Century Bristol", Anne Yarbrough, Journal of Social History, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Autumn, 1979), pp. 67-81
“Since Erikson's formulation of the nature of adolescence, it has most frequently been argued that adolescence only fully emerged in the 19th century.”

[61] “puberty” [Johnson], 1382, from O.Fr. puberté, from L. pubertatem (nom. pubertas), Online Etymology Dictionary
"puberty: 'the time of life in which the two sexes begin first to be acquainted' [Johnson], 1382, from O.Fr. puberté, from L. pubertatem (nom. pubertas) 'age of maturity, manhood,' from pubes (gen. pubertis) 'adult, full-grown, manly.' "

[62] "Adolescense in Historical Perspective", Demos & Demos, Journal of Marriage and the Family, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Nov., 1969), pp. 632-638
“The "discovery" of adolescence can be related to certain broad changes in American life--above all, to changes in the structure of the family as part of the new urban and industrial order...
The idea of adolescence is today one of our most widely held and deeply imbedded assumptions about the process of human development. Indeed must of us treat it not as an idea but as a fact...
Yet all of this has a relatively short history. The concept of adolescence, as generally understood and applied, did not exist before the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Once could almost call it an invention of that period...
We shall limit our attention to developments in the United States, since adolescence was on the whole an American discovery.
We shall begin with a sketch of some common ideas about childhood and "youth" during the period 1800-1875, as revealed in two kinds of sources: (1) a rapidly developing literature of child-rearing advice, and (2) a large body of books and pamphlets directed to the young people of the country and bearing especially on their "moral problems." Then we shall summarize the activites of the "child-study movement (beginning in about 1890)...
And finally we shall propose a hypothesis for drawing together these various types of material and above all for explaining the relationship between the idea of adolescence and the social phenomena to which it was a response. It is here that questions of family life will come most fully into view, since adolescence was, we believe, profoundly related to certain fundamental changes affecting the internal structure of many American homes.”

[63] William Faulkner, a twentieth- century American novelist once wrote, “The past is not dead, Sep 2004
"In the 17th century...children rapidly evolved into adulthood. In the words of the historian John Demos, 'the seventeenth century had no real word for the period of life between puberty and full manhood.' In fact, as noted in 'Colonial America', well bred children were supposed to both behave and look like small adults."

[64] It's Getting Better All the Time: 100 Greatest Trends of the Last 100 Years By Stephen Moore, Julian Lincoln Simon
“The essential element of the human condition was a day-to-say struggle to fend off death”

[65] “sexual behaviour, human” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008
“The old family pattern was inexorably disrupted by the rise of the industrial state. Children were no longer kept at home to share in the work and be economic assets but left for school or for nonfamily employment...”

[66] William Faulkner, a twentieth- century American novelist once wrote, “The past is not dead, Sep 2004
"The economic structure of the colonial times forced children to start work early."

[67] Does the American Family Have a History? Family Images and Realities, Digital History
“Families in Colonial America...children were likely to lose at least one parent by the time they married”

[68] Does the American Family Have a History? Family Images and Realities, Digital History
“Families in Colonial America...Many children left their parents homes before puberty to work as servants or apprentices in other households”

[69] “Early Age at Menarche and Allostatic Load: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey”, Allsworth, Weitzen, Boardman, Annuals of Epidemiology, Volume 15, Issue 6, Pages 438-444 (June 2005)
“Although the overall allostatic load scores were low when compared with older adults, the mean allostatic load score was higher among those with menarche at ages 10 or younger compared with those with later ages at menarche (1.99 vs. 1.33). After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, level of education, household poverty income ratio, smoking, and depression history, women with high allostatic load scores had more than 2 times the odds as those with low scores of experiencing menarche at age 10 or earlier.”

[70] “Family stress, perception of pregnancy, and age of menarche among pregnant adolescents”, Ravert & Martin, Adolescence Summer 1997
“specifically, the role of family stress has been linked with pubertal timing and early female maturation (Belsky, Steinberg, & Draper, 1991; Wierson, Long, & Forehand, 1993)... adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to stressful events”

[71] “Allostasis and Allostatic Load: Implications for Neuropsychopharmacology”, McEwin, Neuropsychopharmacology (2000) 22 108-124.10.1038 /sj.npp.1395453
“The primary hormonal mediators of the stress response, glucocorticoids and catecholamines, have both protective and damaging effects on the body. In the short run, they are essential for adaptation, maintenance of homeostasis, and survival (allostasis). Yet, over longer time intervals, they exact a cost (allostatic load)...”

[72] Changing times: The evolution of puberty", Gluckman & Hanson, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Volumes 254-255, 25 July 2006, Pages 26-31
“An evolutionary and life history perspective is used to consider the evolution of puberty. The age of menarche would have evolved by the Neolithic to be matched to social maturity. It is suggested that in developed countries menarche is now returning to a similar age as in the Neolithic as infection and undernutrition, features of post-Neolithic society, have reduced impact. But recently the psychosocial expectations on adolescents in western societies have changed and social maturity now significantly follows menarche.”

[73] William Faulkner, a twentieth- century American novelist once wrote, “The past is not dead, Sep 2004
“The family’s need for this extra source of income required children to be accelerated into adulthood. This is different in modern society.”

[74] ”New research shows how evolution explains age of puberty”, From the University of Southampton
“They found that Paleolithic girls arrived at menarche - the first occurrence of menstruation - between seven and 13 years. This is a similar age to modern girls...'This would have matched the degree of psychosocial maturation necessary to function as an adult in Paleolithic society based on small groups of hunter-gatherers,' they write...However, today there is a mismatch between sexual maturity and psychosocial maturity, with sexual maturity occurring much earlier. This mismatch is a result of society becoming vastly more complex, with psychosocial maturity therefore taking longer to reach.
'For the first time in our 200,000 year history as a species, humans become sexually mature before becoming psychologically equipped to function as adults in society,' explains Professor Hanson.
'All our social systems work on the presumption that the two types of maturity coincide. But this is no longer the case and never will be again because we cannot change biological reality. We have to work out a new set of structures - schooling, for example - to deal with this reality.' “

[75] “Evolution, development and timing of puberty.” Hanson, Gluckman Trends in Endocrinology & ****bolism, Volume 17, Issue 1, January 2006, Pages 7-12
“The age of menarche has fallen as child health has improved...In the past few decades, as puberty has advanced, biological maturation has come to precede psychosocial maturation significantly for the first time in our evolutionary history. Although this developmental mismatch has considerable societal implications, care has to be taken not to medicalize contemporary early puberty inappropriately.”

[76] When Little Girls Become Women: Early Onset of Puberty in Girls
“But the implications for parents, teachers, and others who work with children are equally important: many young girls in early elementary school are developing breasts and pubic hair at a time when they are still playing with dolls and Junior Monopoly, and are too young to understand the emotional mood swings and other symptoms of adolescence.”

[77] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin
“Benjamin Franklin (January 17 [O.S. January 6] 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the most important and influential Founding Fathers of the United States of America.”

[78] Benjamin Franklin On An Early Marriage, The Pennsylvania Packet, October 30, 1789
" The tempers and habits of the young are not yet become so stiff and uncomplying as when more advanced in life; they form more easily to each other, and hence many occasions of disgust are removed. And if youth has less of that prudence which is necessary to manage a family, yet the parents and elder friends of young married persons are generally at hand, to afford their advice, which amply supplies that defect; and by early marriage youth is sooner formed to regular and useful life...when nature has rendered our bodies fit for it, the presumption is in nature's favor, that she has not judged amiss in making us desire it...By these early marriages, we are blessed with more children, and from the mode among us, founded by nature, of every mother suckling and nursing her own child, more of them are raised. Thence the swift progress of population among us, unparalleled in Europe. In fine, I am glad you are married, and congratulate you most cordially upon it. You are now in the way of becoming a useful citizen, and you have escaped the unnatural state of celibacy for life, the fate of many here, who never intended it, but who, having too long postponed the change of their condition, find at length that it is too late to think of it; and so live all their lives in a situation that greatly lessens a man's value"

[79] William Faulkner, a twentieth- century American novelist once wrote, “The past is not dead, Sep 2004
“Today’s more industrial economic structure requires children to stay in ‘childhood’ longer.”

[80] “sexual behaviour, human” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008
“The old family pattern was inexorably disrupted by the rise of the industrial state. Children were no longer kept at home to share in the work and be economic assets but left for school or for nonfamily employment, and the degree of parental control diminished.”

[81] William Faulkner, a twentieth- century American novelist once wrote, “The past is not dead, Sep 2004
" Children received discipline and learned values within a family environment. The role of family in a child's experience has dramatically diminished since the 17th century. Traditional family roles have changed and as a result, children spend larger periods of time in school... As mentioned in the US census, in 1995 alone, around 45% of children were enrolled in some version of daycare. With so much of a child's education entrusted to strangers who do not know the family well, it has become more difficult to control, or even to know, what values children are picking up. In addition, children have a greater peer influence as they are with peers constantly. Thus, the changing times have altered the traditional child rearing roles and changed the values instilled in contemporary children."

[82] The Cradle and the Gap
“From ancient times through the early centuries of this country's history, early puberty has been considered the proper time to go to school. Now, however, educators and psychologists have brainwashed the public into thinking that public schools can outparent families. The state has taken over education and removed children from the home at too young an age. This practice has led to: (1) a poorer education, as shown by the decline in literacy since the beginning of public education; (2) the creation of a generation gap, as a result of keeping children in institutions and away from parents; and (3) peer dependency and poor self-worth attitudes, because children spend more time with peers than with parents. Research and example have proved the theses that the home is the best educational nest, that parents are the best educators, and that parents are educable. Educational factors that make home schooling successful include the importance of the singular adult example undiluted by too many peers, the need to explore widely without the inhibitions of the classroom, the need for many quality personal adult-to-child responses, and the availability of books in public libraries. The best age for school entrance is in the range of 8-12 years old, as determined by early childhood studies on socialization and readiness for learning.”

[83] “sexual behaviour, human” Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008
“The old family pattern was inexorably disrupted by the rise of the industrial state. Children were no longer kept at home to share in the work and be economic assets but left for school or for nonfamily employment...”

[84] "Industrial Revolution." Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008
“The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following: (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel, (2) the use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine, (3) the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy, (4) a new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labour and specialization of function, (5) important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio, and (6) the increasing application of science to industry. These technological changes made possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources and the mass production of manufactured goods....There were also many new developments in nonindustrial spheres, including the following: (1) agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of food for a larger nonagricultural population, (2) economic changes that resulted in a wider distribution of wealth...(4) sweeping social changes, including the growth of cities, the development of working-class movements, and the emergence of new patterns of authority...Finally, there was a psychological change: man's confidence in his ability to use resources and to master nature was heightened.”

[85] William Faulkner, a twentieth- century American novelist once wrote, “The past is not dead, Sep 2004
“Children must also remain children longer in order to complete their education.”

[86] “Psychological neoteny and higher education: Associations with delayed parenthood”, Charlton, Medical Hypotheses, Volume 69, Issue 2, Pages 237-240 (2007)
“Marriage and parenthood are indicative of making a choice to ‘settle down’ and thereby move on from the more flexible lifestyle of youth; and furthermore these are usually commitments which themselves induce a settling down and maturation of attitudes and behaviors...Parenthood is associated with a broad range of psychologically ‘maturing’ and socially-integrating effects in both men and women...The conclusion is that psychological neoteny is indeed increasing, and mainly as a consequence of the increasing percentage of school leavers going into higher education.”

[87] “Child Sexual Abuse I: An Overview”, Advocates for Youth
“The American Medical Association defines child sexual abuse as "the engagement of a child in sexual activities for which the child is developmentally unprepared and cannot give informed consented. Child sexual abuse is characterized by deception, force or coercion.”

[88] "pedophile", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
"An adult who is sexually attracted to a child or children."

[89] American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition **** revision), § 302.2 : DSM-IV-TR: Pedophilia
“Pedophilia: Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children”

[90] "child", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
"A person between birth and puberty.
ETYMOLOGY: Middle English, from Old English cild."






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